Why thionyl chloride is generally used to convert alcohols to alkyl halides? Taking suitable example write the mechanism of the reaction of an alcohol with thionyl chloride.

Ether is the major product in the reaction of tert-butylbromide with ethanol

Reaction of silver cyanide with bromopropane gives 1-propylisonitile not n- propyl cyanide.

Write the mechanism of the reaction of allyl chloride with water.

What do you understand by ortho and para-directing activator? Explain with the help of a suitable example.

Write the mechanism of the Friedel-Crafts alkylation reactions.

Write chemical equation(s) for following conversions :

i) Phenol to benzene

ii) Ethylbenzene to 1-chloro-1-phenylethane

iii) Aniline to chlorobenzene

iv) Phenol to 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde

v) Anisole to phenol

Calculate the pH of 0.01 M aqueous solution of sodium formate at 298 K. [Given: K_a (HCOOH) =1.7 × 10⁻⁴ at 298K]

Calculate the degree of ionisation and the pH of a 0.01 M aqueous solution of formic acid at 298K. [Given, K_a (HCOOH) = 1.7 10⁻⁴at 298K].

Define solubility and give the relationship between solubility and solubility product constant for sparingly soluble salts of AB types.

State Le- Chatelier’s p_{rinciple and for the following reaction at equilibrium}

_{2SO2(g) + O2(g) ⇌ 2SO3}(g) ∆H = -198 kJ

Predict the effect of

i. Adding SO₂(g) at equilibrium

ii. Decreasing the temperature

iii. Reducing the volume of the container to half

iv. Adding an inert gas under conditions of constant pressure.

What are amphoteric substances? Explain with the help of suitable examples.

Define degree of ionisation of a weak electrolyte and list the factors affecting it

Define equilibrium constant and for the following reaction

2NH₃(g) ⇌ 2N₂(g) +3H₂ (g)

i. Write the expression for Kc.

ii. Relate K_c to K_p, and

iii. Relate K_c to K_x

Derive an expression for the entropy change for isothermal Mixing of Ideal Gases.

Define spontaneity of a reaction and give the criteria of spontaneity of reactions in terms of i) entropy and ii) Gibbs energy.

Explain the significance of ∆_rU and ∆_rH and derive the relationship between them.

Describe the method for experimental determination of energy changes accompanying chemical reactions under constant volume conditions.

Derive an expression for isothermal reversible expansion of a gas from a volume V₁ to V₂.

Explain different types of thermodynamic systems with suitable examples.