List the various classes of phylum Echinodermata giving one example for each class.

What is torsion? Briefly discuss the process of torsion in gastropods.

What is a diplosegment? List the characters of class Diplopoda.

In the following statements, choose the alternate correct word given in parenthesis.

(i) The DNA regions in chloroplast could be observed under (light microscope/electron microscope).

ii) The regions containing cpDNA are called (nucleoids/celluloids).

iii) Each nucleoid contains (a single/a few) copies of DNA.

iv) The cpDNA and surDNA are usually (circular/linear) in nature.

v) Both chloroplast and mitochondria contain (a few/many) copies of DNA.

vi) The DNA of yeast is (bigger/smaller) than w/DNA of humans.

vii) The occurrence of introns is discovered in (yeast/human).

Briefly describe the organisation of Malacostraca. Give a few examples of decapod malacostracans.

Describe the characteristic features of Cnidarians.

Two recessive genes, ds and up are present in com. These are linked and are 20 map units apart. From the cross:

What percentage of the progeny would be expected to be both ds and mp in the phenotype?

Two recessive genes, ds and up are present in com. These are linked and are 20 map units apart. From the cross:

What percentage of the progeny would be expected to be both ds and mp in the phenotype?

Describe canal system in Porifera.

Make a table of the major Super groups that include the protozoan groups listed under them giving at least on important characteristic that distinguishes each group.

In Drosophila, the recessive, sex-linked genes, abnormal eyes facet (fa) and singed bristles (sn) show 18 percent recombination.

a) If a singed male is crossed to a  female, what phenotypes are expected in the F1?

b) If the F₁ males and females are inbred, what phenotypic proportions would be expected to occur in F₂ males and females?

Explain the phenomenon of masking the expression of a gene by another in epistasis.

How is co-dominance different from incomplete dominance?

Explain the bands appearing in the IR spectrum of an alkane giving a suitable example. 

List the factors affecting the position and intensity of IR bonds in the IR spectrum.

Give the characteristic frequencies of the ketones and aldehydes. How are they different from esters? 

For polyatomic molecule, what are the different types of normal modes of vibration? Give the normal modes of vibrations for the symmetric stretching of a triatomic linear and triatomic angular molecule with suitable diagrams. 

Explain with the help of a diagram the orbital energy relationship between isolated and conjugated C=C and C=O groups. 

Explain Woodward rules for predicting x-x* absorption in dienes. 

Which are the two main parameters on which the absorption bands in ultraviolet and visible spectra are measured?