Give the characteristic frequencies of the ketones and aldehydes. How are they different from esters? 

Ketones and aldehydes exhibit characteristic absorption frequencies in their IR spectra due to the presence of the carbonyl (C=O) group. The stretching vibration of the C=O bond typically appears in the range of 1725–1690 cm⁻¹ for ketones and slightly lower (1725–1740 cm⁻¹) for aldehydes. The difference arises because aldehydes, with their hydrogen atom attached ____ _______ ___ ______ ________.
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