What is the Flajolet-Martin algorithm? Explain its steps for estimating the number of unique elements in a data stream. Compare it with the use of a Bloom Filter.

Explain Cosine Similarity and Jaccard Similarity with examples. How are these measures used in recommendation systems and document similarity analysis?

What are Column-based, Document-based, and Graph-based NoSQL databases? For each type, give an example and explain a real-world use case where it is most suitable. 

 Compare MapReduce and Apache Spark with respect to data processing speed, fault tolerance, and ease of use. Provide a real-world use case where Spark is more beneficial than MapReduce.

Explain the Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS) architecture with a diagram. Describe the role of NameNode and DataNodes in storing and retrieving large-scale datasets.

 What are the Four Vs of Big Data? Give real-world examples for each. Compare Big Data systems with traditional data warehouses in terms of architecture and functionality.

Discuss the data cleaning process in detail. Explain missing value imputation techniques and the impact of data quality on predictive model performance.

What is Correlation in statistics? Explain the difference between positive correlation and negative correlation with examples. Discuss how the Central Limit Theorem is applied in Data Science projects.

Define the term Data Science. Explain the role of data sampling in Data Science. Differentiate between descriptive, inferential, and causal data analysis with suitable examples.

Explain Man in the middle attack (MITM) using Ettercap 

 Discuss the Deployment of OpenStack using DevStack with all steps. 

Discuss Internet Security Protocols.

What are the different ways to authenticate a web application?

Describe architecture and characteristics of Web services.

Describe Methodologies for Session Management Testing.

Explain XML in detail.

Describe SET Protocols with its working.

Explain models of Web Application Components.

 Explain the Liability of Internet Service Providers/intermediaries.

Discuss the law relating to Consumer Protection in Cyberspace.