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Disasters are complex events that disrupt the normal functioning of society, causing widespread human, economic, environmental, and infrastructural losses. Their understanding has evolved from viewing disasters as purely natural phenomena to recognizing the interaction between hazards, vulnerability, exposure, and capacity. Different perspectives on disasters help disaster management professionals understand their causes, impacts, and appropriate mitigation strategies. The hazard perspective considers disasters as the result of natural or human-induced hazards such as earthquakes, floods, cyclones, droughts, landslides, industrial accidents, chemical spills, and nuclear incidents. According to this view, disasters occur because of the occurrence of extreme hazardous events. Disaster management under this perspective emphasizes hazard identification, monitoring, forecasting, structural safety measures, and early warning systems. The vulnerability perspective argues that hazards alone do not create disasters. A disaster occurs when vulnerable populations are exposed to hazards. Poverty, poor housing, inadequate infrastructure, illiteracy, lack of healthcare, social exclusion, and weak governance increase vulnerability. Communities with greater resilience and __________ _________ ____ _______ ______ _______ ______.
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