Discuss methods used for evaluation of antimicrobial efficacy.

Explain various physical methods for sterilization.

sterilization and disinfection.

active transport and facilitated diffusion

What is differential staining? Give two examples.

State five differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

What is meant by phylogeny? Discuss the importance of phylogenetic tree.

State the differences between Whittaker's and Carl Woes classification systems.

Explain the experiment performed by Francesco Redi to disprove the theory of spontaneous generation.

Robert Koch

Alexander Fleming

Joseph Lister

 Why is animal behaviour one of the key attributes in welfare assessment protocols? Discuss different abnormal behaviour forms with examples.

Discuss how fear and distress affects animal welfare with scientific rationality.

Why is sentience important in animal welfare? Discuss the behavioural studies that have been used as supporting evidence for animal sentience.

What are the advantages of living in a social group? Discuss how abnormal social environments affect welfare of animals and ways to minimize them.

 What do you understand by animal welfare indicators? Critically differentiate between resource, management and animal based measures to assess animal welfare with examples.

Browse the internet on Railways 'Plan Bee' to mitigate collisions between elephants and rains. Write your search results on (a) What is Plan Bee? (b) The Need for Plan Bee (c) How the Idea Emerged? and (d) Plan Bee Outcome(s).

Discuss different poultry farming systems and related five freedoms with implications to welfare of poultry birds.

 Identify specific welfare issues in sheep and goat farming. Discuss any two issues with (a) welfare concern and (b) alternatives to improve welfare.