Discuss the different techniques for I/O management in an operating system. Explain how buffering, spooling, and caching improve I/O performance. Give examples to illustrate their practical applications.

Consider the following jobs.
 

a) Using the SRTF method, compute the completion times of the above jobs, average turn around time and average waiting time.

b) Using the SJF (Shortest Job First) method, compute the completion times of the above jobs, the average turn around time and the average waiting time.

c) Using the Round Robin method (with Quantum2), compute the completion times of the above jobs and the average waiting time.

List the characteristics of the following

(i) Arithmetic Pipeline

(ii)Instruction Pipeline

(iii) SIMD arraау ррсеньго

(iv) Interconnection Structures of Multiprocesses

(v) Cache Coherence

Write a program in 8086 assembly language, which converts an input of 4 ASCII digits to an equivalent hexadecimal number. For example, an input string of 4 ASCII digita, xay "4", "5", "3" "2," will be converted to the hexadecimal equivalent of number 4532, which is 11B4, Explain the algorithm of the program.

How does the 8086 microprocessor process interrupt? Explain with the help of a diagram. Write a program using 8086 assembly language to output a string: "Present Year is 2025."

What are the different types of Registers used in the 8086 microprocessor? Explain the use of each type of register of the 8086 microprocessor. Compute the physical address for the following segment register offset pairs in an 8086 microргосение:

(i)CS: IP-12FB, 567D,

(ii) DS-BX-99AE, 7551,

(iiii) SS: SP-324177FF

Explain the use of large register file in RISC processor. Also, explain the circular buffer organisation of overlapped register windows in RISC with the help of a diagram.

Explain the Wilkes Control unit with the help of a diagram. Also, explain different microinstruction formats with the help of diagrams.

Consider a machine that uses PC, IR, AC, and MAR registers to execute different instructions. All the memory accesses during instruction execution bring data to a register named XR. ALU of the machine performs the addition operation using AC and XR registers, and results are stored in the AC register. List and explain all the microoperations required to execute the following machine instruction:

AC AC + X; where X is the address of a direct operand in the Memory Assume that PC is currently pointing to this instruction. Make and state suitable assumptions, if any.

Demonstrate how the size of a machine program changes for the computation of the expression a=(xy) + (xy+z) when different instruction sets, having zero address, one address, two address and three address instructions, are used.

 Explain the functioning of Branch, Jump and Bit manipulation instructions with the help of an example/diagram of each. Also, explain the following addressing modes with the help of an example-Relative Addressing Scheme and Base register addressing scheme.

Explain the features of the following I/O Technologies:

(i) Bit-mapped Graphics Image and Frame Buffer

(ii) Refresh Rate of Video controllers

(iii) Impact printers

(iv) Voice-based Input devices

Explain the Programmed I/O and Interrupt driven I/O techniques with the help of a diagram of each. How are these two techniques different from each other? Also, explain the steps of interrupt processing.

What is the DMA technique of data transfer? Why is DMA needed? Explain the DMA breakpoints in an instruction cycle with the help of a diagram. Also, explain any one DMA configuration.

Consider that the main memory of a computer is 128 words (assume a memory word to be 16 bits). The cache memory of this computer has 8 blocks of size 32 bits each. Find the cache addresses for the main memory addresses0111001, and1010101 if the following cache mapping schemes is used:

(i) Associative cache mapping

(ii) Direct cache mapping

(iii) Two-way set associative cache mapping

 (i) Explain the structure of a 16 x 4 ROM with the help of a diagram. (ii) How many memory chips of size 64K x4 bits are needed to build a RAM of size 32 M words if the word size of RAM is16 bits?(iii) Find the storage capacity of a Magnetic disk with 8 recording surfaces, and 128 tracks consisting of128 sectors each. You may assume that each sector can store 512KB of data. (iv) Find the rotational latency of a disk that rotates at 3000 rpm.

Represent (-126.5) and (0.015625) in IEEE 754 single precision format.

Explain the functioning of a master-slave flip-flop with the help of a diagram.

Explain the functioning of the JKflip-flop with the help of a logic diagram and characteristic table. Also, make and explain the excitation table of this flip-flop.          

Assume that a source data value 1111 was received at a destination as 0111. Show how Hamming's Error-Correcting code will be appended to the source data, so this one-bit error is identified and corrected at the destination. You may assume that the transmission error occurs in the source data and not in the error correction code.