The precision of a population of data is indicated in terms of standard deviation. Explain the meaning of standard deviation and illustrate the same with the help of an example. 

Discuss different means of minimizing errors and improving the accuracy of an analytical determination. 

What are optical methods of analysis? List different optical methods of analysis and explain the principle of fluorophotometry. 

Give a brief account of SDS-PAGE gel electrophroresis.

 What is an ion selective membrane electrode? Give the basic principle of its function.

 Discuss the principle and use of electrodialysis.

 Discuss the principle and use of electrodialysis.

Describe the preparative applications of size exclusion chromatography.

Describe the preparative applications of size exclusion chromatography.

Briefly discuss important properties of gels used in chromatography.

. What is meant by the capacity of an ion exchanger? Explain various types of capacities.

 Briefly explain various types of cation exchangers used in ion exchange chromatography.

 Briefly explain various types of cation exchangers used in ion exchange chromatography.

Give the requirements of a detector used in HPLC.

List the general criteria for the selection of a mobile phase in HPLC.

List the characteristics of solid stationary support used in gas chromatography.

List the characteristics of solid stationary support used in gas chromatography.

List the characteristics of solid stationary support used in gas chromatography.

Discuss the conclusions of the rate theory of van Deemter which can be used to improve column efficiency.

What are different factors which make Ry values in TLC difficult to reproduce?