Explain with help of a diagram fluid exchange across the capillary wall.

Sympatric speciation

Evolution of gene families

Molecular drive

RNA World hypothesis

Discuss the unique anatomical and genetic traits that distinguish modern humans from other hominins and great apes.

Differentiate between catastrophic, mass, and background extinctions with suitable examples from Earth's history.

Discuss the role of cyanobacteria in transforming Earth's early environment and explain how this change influenced the evolution of complex life forms.

Explain the components of taxonomy and describe the different types of taxonomy, including classical, modern, and molecular approaches, with suitable examples.

Explain the differences between Artificial, Natural, and Phylogenetic systems of classification, giving examples and their importance in studying relationships and evolution of organisms.

Explain the theory of endosymbiosis and describe how primary endosymbiosis led to the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts, including gene transfer to the host nucleus and loss of independence of these organelles.

Describe how mitosis, meiosis, and sexual reproduction likely evolved in early eukaryotes, and explain how diploidy and meiosis provide survival and genetic diversity advantages.

Explain the two models proposed for the origin of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in eukaryotes and discuss how ER evolution is linked to the development of protein secretion pathways and the Golgi apparatus.

Explain the role of plasmids in horizontal gene transfer in bacteria, including F, Hfr, and F' plasmids, and their significance in antibiotic resistance, virulence, and genetic recombination.

Describe the key features, variability, and biological significance of bacterial genomes, including operons, plasmids, PHX genes, and adaptations in Deinococcus radiodurans.

Explain the key features and representation of phylogenetic trees, including nodes, branches, root, terminal nodes, outgroup, scaled (phylogram) and unscaled (cladogram) trees, rooted and unrooted trees, polytomy, and monophyletic, paraphyletic, and polyphyletic groups.

Describe how the Big Bang theory, formation of Earth, and the concept of chemical evolution together explain the origin of life on our planet.

Explain how the principles of evolutionary biology account for antibiotic resistance in bacteria and highlight its broader applications in science and society.

Pseudogenes

Structure of globin genes