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Plasmids are extrachromosomal, circular DNA molecules that replicate independently of the bacterial chromosome and play a crucial role in horizontal gene transfer (HGT) among bacteria. Unlike the chromosomal DNA, plasmids can move between cells, allowing the rapid spread of genetic traits, including antibiotic resistance, virulence factors, and metabolic capabilities. HGT mediated by plasmids is a key mechanism in bacterial evolution and adaptation, contributing significantly to biodiversity at the microbial level. One of the primary plasmids involved in _________ _________ _______ ___ _________ _____ _________ _______ __________ __________ ______.
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