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The theoretical framework of women and work explores the complex interplay between gender, labor, socio-economic structures, and policy frameworks that shape women’s participation in the economy. Understanding this framework requires examining historical, sociological, economic, and feminist perspectives that have evolved over time to interpret women’s roles in labor markets and society. Historically, women’s work has often been undervalued and rendered invisible due to cultural and social norms that prioritize men’s economic activities. Classical economic theories, such as those proposed by Adam Smith and David Ricardo, largely excluded women from considerations of productive labor, as their contributions were often confined to unpaid domestic work. The notion of the “male breadwinner” and “female homemaker” dichotomy shaped early labor and economic analyses, framing women primarily as dependents rather than active economic agents. This perspective perpetuated structural inequalities by relegating women to informal, low-paying, or unrecognized work, thereby reinforcing gendered divisions of labor. Sociological theories provide insight into the social constructs and power dynamics influencing women’s work. Talcott Parsons’ functionalist perspective emphasized the role of the nuclear family, where men performed instrumental roles and women expressive roles, reflecting a socially sanctioned division of labor. However, this framework has been critiqued for reinforcing traditional gender norms and ignoring women’s economic agency. Conflict theorists, influenced by Marxist thought, argue that women’s labor has been systematically exploited within capitalist structures. They highlight how patriarchal institutions, combined with class hierarchies, constrain women’s opportunities, often funneling them into undervalued sectors such as domestic service, caregiving, and informal labor markets. These perspectives underscore the _________ ________ __________ ______ ___ ______ _______ _______.
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