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a) Diagnosis of pregnancy involves recognizing both clinical and laboratory signs. Clinically, missed periods, nausea, vomiting, breast tenderness, and fatigue are common early indicators. Physical examination may reveal softening of the cervix (Goodell’s sign), uterine enlargement, and changes in vaginal mucosa (Chadwick’s sign). Laboratory confirmation includes detection of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in blood or urine. Urine pregnancy tests are simple and provide rapid results, while serum hCG tests are more sensitive and can detect pregnancy earlier. Ultrasound examination can confirm intrauterine pregnancy, assess gestational age, and detect fetal viability. b) Anaemia in pregnancy is a common complication due to increased iron demand, folate deficiency, or blood loss. Iron deficiency anaemia is the most _________ _________ ____ __________ _______ _______ ____ ________.
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