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Renal Function Tests (RFTs) are a group of diagnostic procedures used to evaluate the functioning of the kidneys. In applied physiology, these tests are critical for assessing how effectively the kidneys perform their role in maintaining homeostasis, regulating fluid and electrolyte balance, excreting metabolic wastes, and maintaining acid-base equilibrium. The results of RFTs provide insights into the physiological state of renal filtration, tubular function, glomerular integrity, and overall nephron efficiency. 1. Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN): BUN is a commonly used indicator of renal function. Urea is a waste product formed in the liver from the breakdown of proteins and is excreted by the kidneys. Elevated BUN levels suggest reduced renal clearance, indicating impaired renal function. However, BUN levels may also be influenced by factors such as high protein intake, dehydration, gastrointestinal bleeding, or catabolic states, so its specificity to renal pathology is limited. Normal BUN levels typically range from 7 to 20 mg/dL. 2. Serum Creatinine: Creatinine is a metabolic byproduct of creatine phosphate from muscle activity. Unlike urea, its concentration is less affected by diet or hydration and is a more specific indicator ________ ________ ___ __________ ________ _____ ________ ___ ________.
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