Write and execute an 8086-assembly language program using a NEAR procedure. The main program shall initialize a 16-bit integer, pass it to the NEAR procedure using the stack, and call the procedure. The procedure shall compute the square of the number and return the result in the AX register. Demonstrate correct stack handling using PUSH, POP, CALL, and RET instructions. Include suitable comments, show the stack contents during parameter passing, and provide the sample input, output, and register contents before and after the procedure call.

Write and execute an 8086-assembly language program to determine the length of a string stored in consecutive memory locations using '$' as the string terminator. Store the final length in CX, and show the memory layout, important register changes during execution, and the final output.

Write and execute an 8086-assembly language program that accepts two ASCII decimal digits (0–9) from
the keyboard using DOS interrupt 21H, converts them into a packed BCD number, and stores the packed
BCD value in a byte memory location. Display the packed BCD value in hexadecimal format. For
example, if the user enters 3 and 5, the stored value should be 35H (00110101) 

Write and execute an 8086-assembly language program that accepts two ASCII decimal digits (0–9) from the keyboard using DOS interrupt 21H, converts them into a packed BCD number, and stores the packed BCD value in a byte memory location. Display the packed BCD value in hexadecimal format. For example, if the user enters 3 and 5, the stored value should be 35H (00110101) ₂.

Write and execute an 8086-assembly language program using a NEAR procedure. The main program
shall initialize a 16-bit integer, pass it to the NEAR procedure using the stack, and call the procedure. The
procedure shall compute the square of the number and return the result in the AX register. Demonstrate
correct stack handling using PUSH, POP, CALL, and RET instructions. Include suitable comments, show
the stack contents during parameter passing, and provide the sample input, output, and register contents
before and after the procedure call.

Design a 2-bit synchronous reverse (down) counter using J-K flip-flops. The counter should follow the
sequence 11 → 10 → 01 → 00 → 11 → …. Draw the state transition diagram, prepare the presentstate/next-state table, derive the J and K input equations using Karnaugh maps, and draw the complete
logic circuit.

Write and execute an 8086-assembly language program to determine the length of a string stored in
consecutive memory locations using '$' as the string terminator. Store the final length in CX, and show
the memory layout, important register changes during execution, and the final output.