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Mortality is a fundamental demographic parameter that refers to the incidence of death in a population. In the context of human ecology, mortality is examined from both biological and cultural dimensions to understand the patterns, causes, and effects of death on human populations. Mortality rates serve as indicators of health status, socio-economic development, environmental quality, and the effectiveness of health systems within human societies. From a biological perspective, mortality is influenced by age, sex, genetic predispositions, disease susceptibility, and immunity. Infants and elderly individuals are biologically more vulnerable to mortality due to underdeveloped or declining immune systems. Infectious diseases, malnutrition, and congenital disorders also significantly contribute __________ _______ _________ ________ _________.
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