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The tribal communities of Tamil Nadu form an integral part of the cultural, social, and economic fabric of the state. Among the various tribes found in Tamil Nadu, two prominent groups are the Todas and the Irulas. Both tribes represent unique histories, socio-economic structures, cultural practices, and traditional livelihoods that reflect the diversity of indigenous life in South India. Though modern changes and government interventions have altered their ways of life to some extent, these tribes continue to preserve aspects of their distinct identities even today. The Todas are one of the most well-known tribal groups of Tamil Nadu, primarily inhabiting the Nilgiri Hills. They are a small pastoral community, numbering only a few thousand, but they have attracted scholarly and anthropological attention for their distinctive culture. Traditionally, the Todas were buffalo herders, and their economy revolved around the rearing of buffaloes. Buffalo milk, butter, and curd were central to their diet, and dairy products were used for religious rituals and exchange. Agriculture was not historically significant among them, though in modern times some families have taken up farming alongside livestock rearing. The Toda settlements, called “munds,” are small hamlets consisting of a few families living together. Their houses are barrel-shaped huts with a distinctive curved roof and a very small entrance, designed both for insulation in the cool climate and for protection. The Toda society is known for its unique social and religious customs. Their religious life is closely tied to the worship of the buffalo, which is seen as a sacred animal. The dairies, which serve as the religious centers of Toda life, are considered sacred spaces, and priests from among the community manage them. Rituals are centered on buffaloes, milk, and dairy products, and festivals often involve elaborate ceremonies connected to these elements. In matters of social life, the Todas were historically ________ ___ __________ ____ _______ ________ _______.
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