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A doubly linked list is a dynamic data structure in which each node contains three parts: a data element, a pointer to the next node, and a pointer to the previous node. Unlike a singly linked list, which only stores the address of the next node, a doubly linked list allows bidirectional traversal, meaning one can move both forward and backward across the list. This feature makes it a versatile structure useful for implementing stacks, queues, and deques, as well as for performing insertions and deletions more efficiently in comparison to singly linked lists, especially when the node reference is already known. Implementing a doubly linked list in C++ requires the creation of a node structure, functions to handle operations like insertion, deletion, traversal, and a driver program to test these operations. To start, we need a node class or structure that defines the layout of each node. This node contains an integer data field, a pointer to the next node, and a pointer to the previous node. After creating the node structure, we implement the functions to insert elements at the beginning, at the end, or at a specific position. Similarly, deletion functions must be defined to remove nodes either from the start, from the end, or based on a key. Traversal functions are also required to display the list both forward and backward. The use of pointers is central here, since memory is dynamically allocated and freed during insertion and deletion. The program begins with the inclusion of the required header file ``, which allows input and output operations. ______ ____ ______ _______ _____ _____ ____ ________ _______.
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