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Health care providers play a vital role in ensuring quality care, treatment, and support for people living with HIV (PLHIV). However, stigma and discrimination within health care settings remain major barriers to effective HIV prevention, testing, treatment, and care. HIV-related stigma refers to negative attitudes, beliefs, and prejudices directed towards individuals living with or affected by HIV. Discrimination is the unfair treatment of these individuals based on their HIV status. When these attitudes are displayed by health care providers, they undermine patient rights, reduce access to services, and negatively affect public health outcomes. Stigma among health care providers often arises from fear of HIV transmission, lack of accurate knowledge about the disease, personal biases, cultural beliefs, and moral ________ _____ ______ _______ ________ __________.
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