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Disasters, whether natural or human-made, generate intense physical, emotional, cognitive and social stress among affected populations as well as among responders and administrators. The sudden disruption of normal life, loss of loved ones, destruction of property, displacement, uncertainty about the future and breakdown of support systems create conditions that overwhelm ordinary coping mechanisms. In the context of rehabilitation, reconstruction and recovery, stress management becomes a central component because the long-term rebuilding of lives and communities depends not only on physical infrastructure but also on psychological resilience and social stability. Stress in disaster situations manifests in multiple forms. Immediately after the event, survivors may experience shock, disbelief, confusion, fear, anxiety, anger or numbness. Physiological symptoms such as rapid heartbeat, headaches, sleep disturbances and fatigue are common. Cognitive reactions include difficulty concentrating, intrusive memories, poor decision-making and reduced problem-solving ability. Behavioral responses may involve withdrawal, irritability, aggression, substance abuse or overdependence on relief workers. Children may regress to earlier developmental behaviors, while the elderly may show signs of depression or helplessness. If unaddressed, acute stress can progress into chronic stress, post-traumatic stress disorder, depression and other mental health conditions that hinder recovery and social reintegration. Stress management in disaster situations begins with understanding that stress reactions are normal responses to abnormal events. Psychoeducation plays a crucial role during the early ____ _______ ______ ___ ___ ____ ______ _____ ____ __________ _____ _________.
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