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Traditional disaster resistant construction techniques have evolved through centuries of observation, experience, and adaptation to local environmental conditions. These techniques reflect an intimate understanding of local hazards such as earthquakes, floods, cyclones, landslides, and extreme temperatures. One of their most significant features is the use of locally available materials, which are selected not only for economic reasons but also for their performance under specific climatic and geological conditions. Materials such as bamboo, timber, stone, mud, lime, thatch, and locally fired bricks are often used in combinations that enhance flexibility, durability, and resilience. Flexibility is a central feature in many traditional systems, especially in earthquake-prone regions. Timber and bamboo frameworks, for example, are capable of absorbing and dissipating seismic energy due to their inherent elasticity. In Himalayan regions, the Dhajji Dewari and Kath-Kuni construction systems incorporate wooden frames with infill masonry or stones. The wooden members act as horizontal and vertical bands, tying the structure together and preventing sudden collapse during tremors. Instead of rigid monolithic walls, these systems allow controlled cracking and energy absorption, which reduces loss of life. Similarly, in Japan and Southeast Asia, traditional wooden houses are designed with joinery techniques that allow movement without structural failure. Another key feature is lightweight construction. Roofs made of thatch, bamboo mats, or lightweight tiles reduce the overall mass of the structure. In seismic zones, lighter buildings experience lower inertial forces during earthquakes, making them less likely to collapse. In cyclone-prone coastal areas, lightweight roofs are securely fastened to structural frames using ropes, wooden pegs, or ___ _________ _________ ______ ______ ___ _________ _________ ________ __________.
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