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Śabda Pramāṇa, or verbal testimony, is one of the important means of valid knowledge (pramāṇa) recognized in Indian philosophy. It refers to knowledge acquired through the words of a trustworthy person or from authoritative scriptures. While perception (pratyakṣa) and inference (anumāna) provide knowledge through direct experience and reasoning, Śabda enables individuals to know facts that cannot be directly perceived or inferred. Human life depends extensively upon verbal communication, making Śabda an indispensable source of knowledge. The term "Śabda" literally means word or sound. As a pramāṇa, it signifies meaningful verbal statements that communicate true knowledge. For verbal testimony to function as a valid means of knowledge, the speaker must be competent, truthful, and free from the intention to deceive. The listener should also correctly understand the meaning _______ ________ _________ _____ ____ ___ _______ ________.
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