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Indian indentured folklore emerges from the historical experience of the indenture system that transported millions of Indians to colonial plantations across regions such as the Caribbean, Fiji, Mauritius, South Africa, and Suriname during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. This folklore is not merely a body of oral traditions but a living cultural archive that records displacement, memory, resistance, adaptation, and identity formation. Rooted in folk expressive forms carried by migrants from diverse regions of India—especially Bhojpuri-speaking areas—indentured folklore reflects how traditional narratives, songs, and rituals were reshaped in diasporic contexts. The indentured laborers, often referred to as “girmitiyas” (derived from the word ‘agreement’), were uprooted from their native villages under exploitative colonial contracts. In the absence of written records and institutional support, folklore became a primary medium through which they preserved their cultural heritage and articulated their lived experiences. Folk songs, or “biraha” and “sohar,” were transformed to express the sorrow of separation from homeland, the trauma of sea voyages (kala pani), and the harsh realities of plantation life. These songs retained the ___ ____ __________ _______ ____ ___ ____ ____ ____ _______.
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