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The genetic code is the set of rules by which the information encoded within genetic material, specifically DNA or RNA sequences, is translated into proteins by living cells. This translation occurs through the sequence of nucleotides in a gene, which is read in triplets called codons. Each codon corresponds to a specific amino acid or a termination signal during protein synthesis. The genetic code is fundamental to gene expression and regulation, as it dictates how the linear sequence of nucleotides is ultimately converted into functional proteins, which are the key effectors of cellular processes. One of the most salient features of the genetic code is universality. With few exceptions, almost all organisms use the same genetic code, which implies that a codon specifying a particular amino acid in one species generally specifies the same amino acid in another. This universality highlights the evolutionary conservation of the genetic code and underscores its importance in maintaining the continuity of life processes across species. Another important feature is degeneracy, also known as redundancy. There are 64 possible codons formed by the combination of four nucleotides (adenine \[A], cytosine \[C], guanine \[G], and thymine \[T] in DNA or uracil \[U] in RNA), but only 20 amino acids are commonly used to build proteins. As a result, multiple codons can code for the same amino acid. For example, the amino acid leucine is encoded by six different codons (UUA, UUG, CUU, CUC, CUA, CUG). Degeneracy provides a buffer against mutations, especially point mutations, because a change in the third nucleotide of a codon often does not alter the amino acid specified. This property contributes to the stability and robustness of protein synthesis. ________ ___ ________ ____ ______.
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