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The adoption of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) remains limited in many regions despite its proven benefits for sustainable agriculture. One of the primary reasons for poor adoption is the lack of awareness and knowledge among farmers about IPM principles and practices. Many farmers are accustomed to conventional methods, primarily relying on chemical pesticides, which provide immediate and visible results. In contrast, IPM requires understanding of pest biology, monitoring, and preventive measures, which demands time, observation, and technical knowledge. This complexity discourages farmers from shifting to IPM, especially in smallholder farming systems where labor and resources are limited. Economic constraints also play a significant role. The initial cost of implementing IPM, including investment in traps, biocontrol agents, and training programs, may appear high compared to ________ _________ ______ _________ _______ ______ _______ ________.
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