Who are considered to be the founders of the Annales School of historiography? Discuss their works.

 In 1929, a new journal called Annales d’historie economique et sociale appeared in France, featuring the work of a new generation of historians: Lucian Febvre, Marc Bloch, Fernand Braudel, and Ernst Labrousse. Until the turn of the century, traditional history was built around the acts and facts of "great men", political and military personalities who became the stuff of legends: Alexander and Caesar, Gengis Khan, Louis XIV and Napoleon. These exceptional individuals defined the scale of history; their deaths signalled a change of era and also of books and authors. The movement was in search for “a larger and a more human history,” by its rejection of the predominant conceptions of writing history, namely:

a focus on political-military history

concentrated on the analysis of short periods

a narrative style of events

what they called a “stamp collecting” mentality in collecting facts and events

The Annales wanted to integrate insights and methodologies from anthropology, geography, sociology, economics and psychology. It was interested in longer timespans, the social history of everyday life, and “mentalites” (modes of consciousness). In essence, it was an analytical history which looked at economic and social history in a long-term perspective, departing from a traditional event-based historiography. These historians rebelled against traditional historians' obsession with wars and states, the “great” men of history, and looking at development as linear. Annales school historians examined phenomena and their underlying causes in depth with a particular attention to long stretches of time. Peter Burke has divided the movement in three phases or generations:

Phase 1 (1920-1945): the movement is very radical and subversive and strongly opposes the tradition of political history. [Marc Bloch, Lucien Febvre]

Phase 2 (1945-1968): the movement becomes a school of thought, with its main concepts (structure-conjuncture) and method (serial history of changes over the long term). [Fernand Braudel, Ernst Labrousse]

Phase 3 (1968-1989): the school becomes more fragmented and shifts its concern from the socio-economic to the socio-cultural. [Ariel, Bourdieau, Goffman, etc.]

PHASE 1

Marc Bloch (social psychology)
Bloch started with a study of what he called ‘collective illusions’. In The Royal Touch he looked at the belief that the king’s touch could cure people from diseases. He compared France and England on a long term scale and analysed how such collective illusions survived after the Middle Ages. His aim was to problematize the fact that people believed such improbable things for a prolonged period in time, and to point to possible causes of such a phenomenon. A survey of this kind could be regarded as a psychological history, and Bloch partly applies Durkheim’s ideas on collective _______ __________ ____ _________ _____ ______ ___ ______ ______ _______ __________ _______.
__________ ________ __________ _______ _____ _______ _______ _________ _________ ___ ____.
___ _______ ____ ________ __________ ________ ____ __________ ___ ______ _________ _________.
____ _______ _______ ____ ____ __________ ______ ________ ____ __________.
______ _______ ______ ______ _________ _________ ___.
___ _______ ___ ___ _________ _____ ________ ___ __________ __________ ________ _____.
___ __________ _____ __________ _____ __________.
________ ______ ______ _____ ______.
_________ __________ ________ _____ ______.
_______ __________ _____ ___ _______ ____ __________ ______ ____ ____ _____.
_______ ______ _______ _____ ___.
_____ ___ ______ __________ _______ __________ ________ _____ __________ _______ ___ _______.
___ ___ __________ _________ ________ _____ _________ __________ ____ _______ _________ __________.
________ ________ ____ ________ _______ _____ _____ ______ _____.
___ __________ ____ ___ __________ _______ ________ ____.
____ ____ ___ _______ _____ _________ _______.
_________ __________ _____ ______ ________ __________.
_____ _______ __________ _________ _______ _________ _____ ____.
_____ ____ _____ ______ ____ ______.
__________ ________ _______ _________ ___ _______ _________ ____ _________ ___ ______ _________.
_________ ___ _______ ___ ___ _________.
______ ________ _____ ____ ________.
_______ ______ _____ ______ _____ ______ __________ ______ ___ _________.
______ _______ ________ __________ __________ ________ ______ ______ _________ ________ _______.
________ ________ ______ ______ ________ ________.
______ _______ __________ __________ __________ ____ __________ ________ ______ ________ _______ _______.
________ ______ _______ ___ __________ ______ ____ ________.
___ __________ ________ ___ _______ _____.
_________ __________ ________ _______ ____ _______ ____.
__________ _____ __________ _____ _________ _______.
___ ___ ________ _____ __________ _______ ______ _________ __________ __________ ___.
_________ _____ ____ ___ _____ _______ ___ _______ ___ __________ ____.
___ _______ ____ __________ ________ ___ _________ ________ _____.
____ _________ ________ ______ ______ _________ ______ ___ ___ ____.
____ ____ ________ __________ ___ _______ ____ _______ ___ ___ __________ ________.
___ _________ _________ ____ _____ ___.
__________ ________ _____ _______ ________ _____ __________ __________ ______ ________ __________ ______.
_______ ___ _____ __________ _______ _________ ______ __________ ______ ____ _________ __________.
________ ________ ___ _________ ________ ___.
__________ _____ ___ ___ _______ ______ _______ ____ ________ _________ ____ ______.
_______ _______ __________ _______ _________.
__________ __________ ____ _______ _______.
__________ ______ __________ ___ _______ ______ ___.
_____ _____ ______ _____ ____ __________ __________.
_____ ____ ______ ________ ________ ________ _________ ___ ______ ________ __________.
______ _____ _________ __________ ______.
____ ________ ________ ____ ______ ____ __________ _____ _______ ____ __________.
___ _________ __________ _______ _________ ______ _________ ___ ___.
____ ____ _______ _______ ______ ________ __________ _____ ____ ________ ____ ______.
__________ _____ ___ ________ _______ _____.
________ __________ _______ ________ ______ ___ ___ ______ ________ ____.
____ _____ ________ ____ __________ ____ ___ _____ ________ ___ ___ ___.
______ ______ _________ ___ ________ _____.
________ ______ __________ __________ ________ ____ ____ ___.
_______ _______ __________ _____ _____ _______ _____.
__________ ______ ____ ___ _________ __________ __________ _____ _________ ______ _____ ______.
______ ____ ______ _______ ________ ______ _______ ___.
____ ________ ________ ________ ______ _________ _________.
______ _____ ___ ________ ____ _________ ______ _______ ___ ________ ________.
____ ______ ________ ________ ___ ___ _______.
____ __________ __________ _________ _______ ___.
________ ______ __________ ____ ________ ___.
___ _____ _________ _______ _____ __________ ____ _______ _________ ___ ___ ______.
__________ ______ ____ _________ _______ _____ ______ _________ _____ _________ _______ _____.
________ ___ ________ _______ ___.
_____ _________ _____ ______ _______ ________.
________ __________ ________ __________ ________ ______ ___ _______ ______ _________ ______ ____.
________ ____ ___ ___ _______.
__________ ________ _______ _______ __________ _____.
____ _____ _________ ___ ___ __________ _____ _______ ______ _________.
____ ________ ________ _____ ____ _______ __________ __________ _______ ______ ____.
______ ______ ________ ____ ________ ______ ________ ____ _______ ____ ____.
____ ________ ___ _______ _________ __________.
______ ___ __________ _________ _________ ______.
__________ __________ _____ _______ __________ __________.
________ ________ _________ __________ _________ _____ _________.
__________ _______ ___ ____ _______ ___ ___ ________ _________ ___.
____ ___ __________ ___ ____ ________ _________ ____ _________ _____ ___ ______.
_________ _____ ______ __________ __________ _______ __________ ___.
__________ __________ ________ ___ ___.
____ _____ ________ __________ ____ _____ _____ ________ ________ __________ _________.
______ ____ __________ ___ __________.
__________ ____ __________ _____ _____ ______ ______ ____ __________ _________.
___ __________ _____ ____ ________ _______ ___ _______.
____ ________ _____ ___ ________ ______ _____ ______ ______ ______ ____.
_______ _________ ______ ____ ______ ________ __________ _________ _________ ________ _______.
_____ ______ ___ __________ __________ _____ _______ _____ _______ _____ ________ _____.
_______ _____ ______ ________ _____.
________ __________ ________ ___ ________ _____.
_________ ________ ____ ___ _________ _______.
__________ ____ ______ __________ ___ ______ _____ __________ _______.
_______ ____ ______ ___ ____.
_______ ____ _______ ______ ____ ____ _______.
___ _______ ____ _________ ____ ________ _______ ______.
_____ _______ _______ ____ ____ _______ _______ _____ ____ ________.
_______ ____ __________ _________ _____.
_______ ____ ____ ________ ____ _________ ________ ________ __________ ________ ___ ___.
________ __________ __________ ________ _________ __________ ____.
__________ __________ _________ ____ ____.
_______ ________ ______ __________ ___.
______ _________ ____ _________ _______ _____ ___ ______.
____ ____ ________ _________ _________ __________ ____.
_________ ________ ________ ___ _______ ___ ___ _______ _________ _______.
___ __________ ____ ______ _____.
______ _____ _________ _____ _________ _____ ________ ______ _________ _______ _______.
____ ____ ____ _________ ____ _________ _________ ____ _________ _____ ________ ___.
_____ _____ ___ ______ _____.
__________ _______ _________ ___ __________ _____ ____ _____ _____ ____ _________.
_________ _________ ______ ___ _________ _______ _____ ___.
_________ _____ ___ _________ ________ _____ ______ _____ ______ _________ _______.
_______ ______ __________ _____ _________ ______ _________ __________ ____ ______ ________ __________.
_________ ______ _____ ______ _________ _______ ________ _______ _____ ________.
_______ ________ ___ ________ ____ _____ _____ ___ ______ _________.
_________ _____ ______ _________ _______ _______.
__________ __________ ___ ___ _______ ___ _____ ______ ________ _____ ____ _____.
_______ _______ ___ ________ _____ ___.
_______ ________ ______ ________ _________ _______ ___.
_______ ________ _________ ______ ________ ______ ___.
________ _____ ______ __________ ____ ____ ___ _____ ____ _________.
_______ ______ ____ ____ ____ ________ ___ ________ _____.
___ ___ _________ _________ _________ _________.
___ ________ ____ ______ ________ ________ _______ ______.
________ _________ ____ ____ ______ _______ ______ ___ _______ _____ _______.
______ ____ ______ ___ __________ _______ _______ ___ ____ _____ _______ ________.
__________ _______ _____ ___ ___ _______ _____ ___ _______ ________.
_________ ____ ___ __________ ________ ____ ___ ___.
_________ ______ _______ _______ _________ ___ __________ _______.
__________ _________ ________ ________ _________ ______ ______ __________ ____ _______ _____ ________.
_______ __________ ______ _____ _______ _______.
______ __________ _________ ___ ________ _______.
____ _____ _______ ___ __________ ________ _________ __________ ____ ____ _____.
__________ _____ ___ __________ _____ _______ ______ ______ __________ _________ ______.
______ _____ _________ ____ ______ ___ _____.
_____ ______ _____ ________ ________ ______ ________ ___ ________.
______ ________ ____ __________ ___.
___ _____ __________ ______ _________.
_______ ________ _________ ______ __________ ________ __________ _______ __________ _________.
_______ ______ _________ ________ ___ _________.
__________ ________ ________ ______ ____ __________.
________ _____ _____ ____ _____ _______ _______ __________.
________ ___ _______ _____ ________ _____ ______ ___ ________ _______ ___ ______.
______ _______ _______ ____ ____ __________ _________ _______.
_________ __________ ________ ____ ________ __________ ________.
_____ __________ ___ _________ __________ ____ __________ _____.
____ ________ ____ _______ ________ __________ ____.
_________ __________ _________ ___ _______ _____ ___ _____ ___ ____.
___ ______ _________ _______ _______ _________ __________ _____.
___ ____ _________ _____ ___ _____ ___ _____ _____.
__________ ___ _____ ____ _______ ____ ___ __________ ___ ________ _________.
__________ _________ _________ _____ _____ ________ _____ ______ ___.
______ ________ _______ _______ _____ _________ _____ ______ ________ __________ _____.
________ ______ _______ ____ _______ ___ ______ _____ ________ ______.
_________ ___ ___ ___ ________ __________.
____ ___ _____ ____ ________ _________ __________.
_____ _________ ________ __________ ______.
_____ ___ _____ ______ _________ ____ __________ ___ ______.
_____ _________ __________ ______ __________ _______ ________ _______ _________ _________ _____ _____.
_________ ______ ______ __________ ________ __________ _______ _____ ______ ____.
_______ ________ __________ _______ __________ ________ ____ ______ _________ _____ ________.
______ _______ ________ _____ ___ ___ _____ _________ __________ _________.
_______ _______ ______ __________ __________ ____ ______.
_________ ______ ___ ____ ________ __________.
_________ _________ _______ _____ ____ _____ _____ _______ _______ _______.
_______ _______ __________ _____ __________ ______.
_______ _________ ________ ___ ______ ________ _______ _______ _______ ____.
_________ __________ ______ ___ _________ _________ _______ _____.
_____ _________ ________ ________ __________ ______ ______ _________ ___ _________.
________ ______ ______ _________ ____ ____ _________ _______ _________ _________ _______.
______ _______ ____ _________ ____ __________ ________ _______ __________ ____ ___ __________.
__________ _______ ________ _______ _______ _____ ______ ___ __________ ___ ______.
____ ____ _____ ___ ___ ________.
__________ ________ ____ ___ ___ _________ ________.
______ _____ _________ ________ __________ ________ __________ _______ ______.
_______ ________ _______ __________ ________.
___ ___ ________ ______ __________.
__________ _______ _____ ______ ____ __________ __________ _________ __________ _________.
__________ __________ ____ __________ _______ ____ _____ ____ _________ __________ _______ ________.
_______ ________ _____ __________ ______ ___.
_______ _______ _________ _____ _____ ____ ____ _____ _____ _____ __________.
___ _____ _________ _______ _______ ________ _____ _______ ____ ____.
______ ________ ______ _____ _______ __________ _________ _________ ___ ________ ______.
___ ___ ____ ___ ________ __________ ______ _____.
___ ______ ___ ___ ________ ___ ___ _______ __________ ________.
__________ __________ ______ ____ ______.
__________ ___ _______ __________ ________ _________ __________ ___ _________ ___ __________ ________.
________ ___ ______ ___ _______ _________ _______ __________ ___.
_______ _____ ________ _______ ____ __________ _________ _______ ___ ________ _________ __________.
__________ _____ ____ _________ ___ _________ _______ __________.
_____ _______ __________ ______ _______ ______ ________.
_____ ___ ___ __________ ____ __________ ____ ________.
_____ _______ ___ ______ ________ ______ ________ _______ __________ ______ _________.
_____ ____ ____ ________ ______ ___ _______ _____.
______ ___ _______ ______ ________ ___ ______ _____ __________ __________ _________.
____ _____ __________ ______ ___ ____ ___ ___ _______ ________ _________.
_________ __________ _________ __________ ___ ___ ___ ______.
_________ ________ ____ _________ __________ _______.
____ _____ _____ ____ __________ ___.
____ __________ _____ _________ _______ __________ __________ ___.
__________ ________ _______ _______ __________ _________ _____ _____ _________ _______ ____ _________.
______ __________ ___ _________ ________ ___ ___ ______ _______.
____ _____ _________ ___ ______ _____ _______ _________ _______ _________ ___ _______.
__________ ____.
Get Full Answer on WhatsApp