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From the beginning of planned economic development in India, handicrafts were recognized not merely as cultural expressions but also as vital sources of employment, especially in rural and semi-urban areas. During the First Five-Year Plan (1951–56), the government emphasized the revival of traditional crafts that had declined during colonial rule. Institutions such as the All India Handicrafts Board (1952) were established to support artisans through training, design development, and marketing assistance. In the Second Five-Year Plan (1956–61), the focus shifted towards integrating handicrafts with industrial development while preserving their distinct identity. Efforts were made to improve production techniques and provide financial assistance through cooperatives. The establishment of emporia and state agencies helped in expanding domestic and international markets. The Third Five-Year Plan (1961–66) stressed modernization and productivity enhancement. Greater attention was ______ _____ _______ ____ _____.
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