What were the distinguishing features of trade and urbanization in the early medieval India?

The agrarian expansion of the period under review led to the production of surplus which enabled nonproducers like craftsmen and traders to devote themselves to trade and commerce. Cities were centres of trade and commerce, craft specialization as well as centres of administration. In the north-west, Taxila was a famous city. The remains of this city have been excavated from three mounds, namely Bhir, Sirkap and Sirsukh. The mound of Sirkap has yielded artefacts belonging to 200 BCE to 200 CE. The city began to show marks of urbanization from the period of the Indo-Greeks but it was the Indo-Parthian rulers who fortified the city with walls. Well-made roads and planned houses reflect Greek and Hellenistic influences. At Ahichchhatra a new road was built by 200 BCE. At the Lichchhavi kingdom of Vaishali in north-east Bihar the fortification wall was rebuilt at least thrice between 200 BCE to 200 CE. At Sisupalgarh in Odisha marks of urbanization are seen from 300 BCE. But it advanced rapidly from 200 BCE onwards. A huge wall was built sometimes between 200- 100 BCE at ___ ______ ________ ________ __________ _______.
___ _________ ____ ____ ________ ________ ____ ______ ___ ___.
___ ________ ______ _________ _____ _____ ________.
________ _____ _____ ______ __________ _______ ______ ________ ________ ____.
______ ________ ______ ________ _____.
___ _________ ____ _____ ____ ______ _______ ___ _____ _______ _________ ________.
____ ____ ______ ________ _____ ____ ______ __________.
________ _______ __________ ___ _____ ______ ______ _______ ____ ________ _______.
______ ________ __________ ____ _______.
____ ___ __________ ____ ____.
____ _________ ________ _____ _______ _____ ____ _________.
__________ _________ ___ ________ ______ ___ ________ _______ ______.
____ _________ ____ __________ ____.
____ _____ ___ ____ _______ ________ ________ ___ _________ _________ ______.
___ ___ ____ ______ ______ ________ _____ ________ _________ ____ ______.
_____ _____ ______ _________ _________ ___ _____ ____.
__________ ________ ________ ______ _________ ________ _________ ____ ________ _________ ________.
________ ______ ____ _________ _____ __________ ______.
___ _____ ______ __________ __________ ________ ____.
_____ ______ _________ _______ ____ _______ _____ ______ _______ ___ ______.
_________ _______ _____ _______ ________ _____ __________ _________ ____ ______.
_____ ________ ______ _______ __________ __________ __________ ______.
_____ ____ _________ __________ __________ ________ ________ __________ ________ ____ ______.
_________ ______ __________ _______ ____.
_________ _______ _________ ________ ________.
___ ____ ___ ______ _______ ________ ___ _____ _________.
_____ _______ __________ ____ ______ _________ _____ ___ _____.
_______ __________ __________ _________ _________ ________.
____ _________ ________ ________ ____ _____ ___ ______ __________ ________ __________ _____.
_____ _________ ___ ______ _____ ________ __________.
__________ __________ ___ ________ ______ _______ ______ _______ _________.
___ __________ _________ ___ __________ ___ ________ ___ ________.
____ __________ _________ _________ _______ _________ ___.
_______ ___ _____ _____ ______ __________ ____.
_____ ___ _____ _______ _______ __________ _____ ______.
___ ____ _____ ____ ____ _____ _________ _______ ________ __________ _____ _________.
_________ __________ ______ ____ ___ ___ ____.
_____ ________ ____ ____ _________ ________ _______ _____ ___ __________.
_______ ________ __________ ________ ______ ________ _____ ______ _____ ____ ________.
______ __________ _________ _________ _____.
_________ ________ _____ __________ _________ __________.
___ _____ _____ _______ ___ ____ ______.
_________ ___ _____ _________ ______.
_______ ____ ______ __________ _________ _________ ____ ________ _________.
____ ___ ____ ___ ________ _______ ____ ____ ______ __________ ________ _______.
______ __________ ________ _____ ___ ______ ____ ________.
________ ______ __________ _________ _______ ______ ________ ______ ____ _____ ________ ______.
__________ ____ _____ _________ _________ ____ ____ ______ _____ ________ ______ ____.
__________ _________ ____ ____ _______.
______ ________ ________ _________ ____.
_________ _______ _______ ___ _____ _______ _________ _____ _________ ____ ________ ____.
________ ________ ________ ____ ____.
_________ _____ ________ ____ __________.
________ ____ _________ ______ ______ _________ ________ ____ _____ _____ ______.
___ ___ ___ _______ ________ _______ __________ _______ _______.
____ _______ ____ ______ _________ _______ _________ ______ __________.
___ ______ _____ _____ ________ _______.
_______ ______ _______ _________ ______ __________ ____ ______ _______.
___ ____ _________ _________ ___ __________ ___ _____ ___ __________ _______.
___ ______ ___ ___ _____ ___ _________.
_______ __________ _________ _______ _______ ___ _________ __________ ______.
____ ________ ____ _______ _________ _________.
_____ ____ ___ __________ ______ ___ ___ ________ ______ _____.
____ _______ ________ ___ ______ _______ ______.
_________ ________ ________ ______ ________.
__________ ____ __________ ____ ___ ___ __________.
__________ ______ _________ __________ ___ _______ _____.
____ ______ ___ ___ __________ ____ _____ _______ ________ _________ ________.
____ _______ _______ ____ _____ _______ _______ ______ __________ __________ ________ _______.
____ ______ ______ _________ _________ ____ _____ _________ ________ ___ ____.
________ ___ ______ ___ _______.
__________ _____ _________ ___ _________ _________ _____ ________ _________ __________ _____ ____.
_______ _________ ____ ____ _________ ____ _____ ________ _____ ___ ___.
____ ______ _________ _____ _______ ____ _____ ____ _______ ____.
____ ______ ________ ________ ___ _____ ______ __________ __________ ____ ________.
_______ ____ ______ __________ _____ ___ ________ _________ _______ ____.
____ _____ ______ ___ _______ ___ _________ __________.
_____ ______ _____ _______ _____ _______.
__________ ______ ________ _________ ______ _________ ____ ________ ___.
________ ____ ___ ___ _________ __________ _____ ___.
_________ _____ _______ ________ _________ ________ ______ ____ ___ _______ ______ ______.
___ ____ ______ __________ ________ ______ ______ _______ ______.
_______ _______ __________ ___ ________.
__________ ______ _______ __________ ____ ____ __________ _______.
___ ___ _______ _________ _______ ______ _______.
_____ _______ ________ ___ ________ ________ ____ _______ __________ _______ ______.
________ ____ __________ ________ _________ ____ __________ ______ ____ _______ ____ ______.
_________ _______ ______ __________ ___ ____.
_____ ____ ___ ________ _____ _______ ___ _______ __________.
____ ________ ________ _____ ______ _________.
__________ _________ _________ _________ ___ _______.
__________ ___ ____ ____ ________ __________ ________.
________ __________ _________ _________ _____ __________.
__________ _____ ________ _____ ______ __________ _____ ______ ______.
________ _____ _____ ____ ___ __________ _____ __________ ___ ______ __________.
____ ________ _________ _______ ____ __________ __________ _____ _________.
_____ ____ _______ ________ ________ ____ __________ ____ ________ ___ ______.
___ _____ _____ _____ __________ __________ __________ _______ ________ __________ _____ _____.
_______ ___ _______ _________ _______ __________ _______ __________ ______ _____ ______.
_________ _____ _______ _____ ___.
___ __________ _________ ______ _________ ________ ___ _________.
____ ______ _________ __________ ________ ___ _________ __________ __________ ________ ___ _______.
___ _______ _________ ________ ______ ______ __________ __________ _____ _______ ________ ______.
___ ______ ________ _________ _______ ___ ____ _____.
_______ ____ __________ __________ ____ ______ ____ _________ _______ ____ _________.
___ ____ _______ __________ ___ _________ _______ ________.
_________ _______ _______ _______.
Get Full Answer on WhatsApp