What were the distinguishing features of trade and urbanization in the early medieval India?

The agrarian expansion of the period under review led to the production of surplus which enabled nonproducers like craftsmen and traders to devote themselves to trade and commerce. Cities were centres of trade and commerce, craft specialization as well as centres of administration. In the north-west, Taxila was a famous city. The remains of this city have been excavated from three mounds, namely Bhir, Sirkap and Sirsukh. The mound of Sirkap has yielded artefacts belonging to 200 BCE to 200 CE. The city began to show marks of urbanization from the period of the Indo-Greeks but it was the Indo-Parthian rulers who fortified the city with walls. Well-made roads and planned houses reflect Greek and Hellenistic influences. At Ahichchhatra a new road was built by 200 BCE. At the Lichchhavi kingdom of Vaishali in north-east Bihar the fortification wall was rebuilt at least thrice between 200 BCE to 200 CE. At Sisupalgarh in Odisha marks of urbanization are seen from 300 BCE. But it advanced rapidly from 200 BCE onwards. A huge wall was built sometimes between 200- 100 BCE at first with unbaked bricks and later with baked bricks. There was a remarkable large and embellished gateway to the early historic city of Sisupalgarh. Mathura emerged as the foremost city in north India during this period. The _________ ________ ______ ______ ____ __________.
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