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The Non-Cooperation Movement, launched by Mahatma Gandhi in 1920, marked a significant phase in India’s struggle for independence. It emerged in the aftermath of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, the failure of the British government to address Indian grievances, and the widespread discontent following the Rowlatt Act and other oppressive colonial policies. The movement was conceived as a means to achieve Swaraj, or self-rule, through non-violent and non-cooperative methods, reflecting Gandhi’s philosophy of Satyagraha. The programme of the Non-Cooperation Movement was comprehensive, encompassing political, economic, social, and educational spheres. Politically, it called for Indians to withdraw their support from the British government and its institutions. This included resignation from government jobs, the boycott of legislative councils, courts, and official meetings, and the refusal to pay taxes wherever possible. Indian leaders encouraged the boycott of foreign goods, particularly British textiles, and _________ _____ _____ ________ ____ ___ _________ _________ ___.
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