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The political programme of the extremists in India, particularly during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, represented a radical departure from the methods and objectives of the moderate leaders of the Indian National Congress. The extremists emerged in the 1905-1919 period, following the partition of Bengal in 1905, which had intensified nationalist sentiments and exposed the limitations of the moderate approach, which largely relied on petitions, resolutions, and moral persuasion to influence British policies. Leaders such as Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal, Lala Lajpat Rai, and later Aurobindo Ghosh articulated the extremist ideology, emphasizing more assertive and direct methods to achieve self-government and the assertion of Indian political rights. At the core of the extremist political programme was the demand for Swaraj or self-rule. Unlike the moderates, who believed in incremental reforms and cooperation with the British, extremists argued that complete political independence was the ultimate goal and that India could not attain real progress under British domination. Tilak famously proclaimed that "Swaraj is my birthright, and I shall have it," encapsulating the militant tone ________ ________ _______ _______ _________.
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