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The rise of militarism in Japan between 1840 and 1949 was a complex process shaped by a combination of historical, political, economic, and social factors. It marked a shift from a constitutional government to a regime heavily dominated by military leaders and ideologies. Several key developments contributed to this transformation. One of the foundational causes was the legacy of the Meiji Restoration (1868), which modernized Japan politically, economically, and militarily. The abolition of the samurai class and the adoption of a conscription-based military helped form a centralized and disciplined army modeled after European powers. While the Meiji Constitution of 1889 established a parliamentary system, it also granted significant autonomy and influence to the military. Article 11 placed supreme command of the army and navy directly under the emperor, making the military accountable only to him and not to civilian government. This constitutional loophole allowed the military to bypass civilian oversight. Another contributing factor was Japan’s victories ___ _________ ______ ________ ____ ________ ____ ____ __________ __________.
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