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Urbanization refers to the process through which an increasing proportion of a country’s population begins to live in towns and cities, leading to the physical, demographic, social, and economic transformation of rural landscapes into urban settlements. It is a direct outcome of industrialization, economic development, and demographic changes, often linked with modernization and globalization. Urbanization is not merely the expansion of cities; it is also the growth of urban lifestyles, institutions, governance, and socio-economic systems. Historically, urbanization has been associated with progress, as cities become centers of commerce, culture, innovation, and opportunities. However, rapid and unplanned urbanization brings along serious challenges that affect sustainability, human well-being, and the environment. In the context of sustainable development and smart cities, understanding the issues and challenges of urbanization is crucial to ensure that urban growth aligns with ecological balance, economic inclusivity, and social equity. One of the foremost issues of urbanization is the problem of overpopulation in cities. As people migrate from rural to urban areas in search of better employment, education, and healthcare, cities often fail to accommodate the rapid influx. This results in overcrowded neighborhoods, informal settlements, and slums where basic amenities such as clean water, sanitation, and housing are inadequate. Overpopulation increases the demand for urban services beyond the carrying capacity of cities, straining infrastructure and public resources. The urban poor, particularly migrants, often live in unsafe conditions, leading to social marginalization and vulnerability. Housing shortage is another serious challenge tied to urbanization. The high cost of land and real estate in cities prevents many people from accessing formal housing. As _______ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ____ ________ _____ __________.
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