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Strategic Environmental Assessment, often referred to as SEA, is a systematic decision-support process that is applied to evaluate the environmental consequences of proposed policies, plans, and programs before they are adopted. While traditional Environmental Impact Assessment focuses largely on specific projects such as dams, factories, or highways, SEA takes a broader and higher-level approach. It is designed to ensure that environmental considerations are integrated into strategic decision-making at an early stage, thereby preventing negative impacts and promoting sustainability. SEA goes beyond project-specific assessments by addressing cumulative, large-scale, and long-term environmental issues that might not be captured at the project level. It emphasizes not only the physical environment but also social, cultural, and health aspects that can be affected by overarching policies and programs. The foundation of SEA is rooted in the recognition that many of the most significant environmental impacts originate not at the project implementation stage but much earlier, when governments or institutions make strategic decisions about development pathways. By intervening at this level, SEA helps to identify sustainable alternatives, reduce conflicts, and improve transparency and participation. It is widely recognized as an effective tool for integrating environmental, health, and sustainability concerns into decision-making in sectors such as energy, transport, agriculture, and urban planning. The process of SEA is structured and systematic, though it may vary slightly between countries and institutional frameworks. It generally follows a sequence of interrelated steps that ________ ______ __________ __________ ____ ____ _____ ______ _________ _______ ______ ____.
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