What is the mechanism of enzyme catalysed reactions? Explain how can the enzyme catalysed reactions be used for the determination of substrate?.  

Enzymes are protein molecules that act as biological catalysts, enhancing the rate of chemical reactions without being consumed in the process. The mechanism of enzyme-catalyzed reactions can be explained by the lock-and-key model, where the enzyme's active site fits a substrate molecule like a lock fits a key. Enzymes lower the activation energy required for a chemical reaction, thereby making the reaction proceed faster.

The enzyme-catalyzed reaction mechanism can be described in four steps: substrate binding, transition state formation, catalysis, and product release. First, the substrate binds to the enzyme's active site, forming an enzyme-substrate complex. This complex then undergoes a transition state, which requires an input of energy to break the chemical _________ ______ ______ ___ _________ ______ _____ ______ ___ ___ ___.
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