Duality of Patterning

Distinctive sounds, called phonemes, are arbitrary and have no meaning. But humans can string these sounds in an infinite number of ways to create meaning via words and sentences.

Other animals do not communicate by arranging arbitrary sounds, which limits the number of messages they can create.

Creativity

New words can be invented easily.

Animals have to evolve in order for their signs to change.

Displacement

Humans can talk about remote, abstract, or imaginary things that aren't happening in their immediate environments.

Animal communication is context driven—they react to stimuli, or indexes.

Interchangeability

Any gender of human can use the same languages.

Certain animal communications in the animal world can only be used by one gender of that animal.

Cultural Transmission

Humans acquire language culturally—words must be learned.

The way that animals communicate are biological, or inborn.

Arbitrariness

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