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# Object Oriented Programming (OOP) Object Oriented Programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm in which a software system is designed around objects rather than only around functions and procedures. An object represents a real-world or conceptual entity and contains both data and the operations that can be performed on that data. OOP helps programmers develop software that is modular, reusable, secure, maintainable, and easier to understand. Languages such as Java, C++, C#, and Python support object-oriented programming. Java is fundamentally object-oriented and provides strong support for the major concepts of OOP through classes, objects, methods, access modifiers, inheritance, interfaces, and method overriding. A class is a blueprint or template from which objects are created. It defines the properties and behaviours that its objects will possess. For example, a `Student` class may contain data members such as `name`, `rollNo`, and `marks`, together with methods such as `displayDetails()` and `calculateGrade()`. An object is an actual instance of a class. Thus, `Student s1 = new Student();` creates an object `s1` of the `Student` class. The four fundamental principles of OOP are Encapsulation, Abstraction, Inheritance, and Polymorphism. Encapsulation is the process of combining data and the methods that operate on that data into a single unit, generally a class, while restricting direct access to the internal data. It is an important mechanism for data protection and information hiding. In Java, encapsulation is commonly achieved by declaring data members as `private` and providing public getter and setter methods to _______ __________ ________ _____ ____ _________ _____ ____ __________ _____.
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