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Infringement of copyright refers to the unauthorized use of any exclusive rights granted to the copyright owner without permission or a valid license. Under the Copyright Act, 1957 of India, copyright provides the owner with a bundle of rights such as reproduction, communication to the public, adaptation, and translation of the work. When any of these rights are exercised by a person who is not the copyright owner or a person authorized by the owner, it amounts to infringement. Infringement can occur in literary, dramatic, musical, artistic works, cinematographic films, sound recordings, and computer software. Copyright infringement may be direct or indirect. Direct infringement occurs when a person copies or uses the copyrighted work without permission. Indirect or contributory infringement occurs when a person facilitates or encourages another person to commit infringement. For example, selling pirated books or hosting infringing content online without authorization is an act of infringement. Section 51 of the Copyright Act, 1957 lays down the conditions under which a copyright is considered to be infringed. According to this section, copyright in a work is deemed to be infringed when a person, without the license of the copyright owner, does anything the exclusive right to do which is conferred by the Act. Also, ______ ________ ________ ___ ___ ______ ______.
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