What is meant by atmospheric effect and the reactions that occur in the atmosphere?

Atmospheric effects have several impacts on the solar radiation at the Earth's surface. The major effects for photovoltaic applications are:

• a reduction in the power of the solar radiation due to absorption, scattering and reflection in the atmosphere;
• a change in the spectral content of the solar radiation due to greater absorption or scattering of some wavelengths;
• the introduction of a diffuse or indirect component into the solar radiation; and
• local variations in the atmosphere (such as water vapor, clouds and pollution) which have additional effects on the incident power, spectrum and _________ _________ ________ ______ __________ __________.
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