What is gluconeogenesis? Discuss the four substrates used in gluconeogenesis

Gluconeogenesis is a metabolic pathway that occurs primarily in the liver and to a lesser extent in the kidneys. It is the process by which new glucose molecules are synthesized from non-carbohydrate sources, such as amino acids, lactate, glycerol, and certain TCA cycle intermediates. Gluconeogenesis is essential for maintaining adequate blood glucose levels when dietary sources of glucose are limited, such as during fasting, prolonged exercise, or low-carbohydrate diets.

The four substrates used in gluconeogenesis are:

1. Amino Acids: Some amino acids can be converted into intermediates of the citric ____ ___ ________ _________ ___ _________.
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