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Globalization refers to the process by which countries, economies, and societies become interconnected and interdependent through the exchange of goods, services, information, technology, and culture across national boundaries. It is a multifaceted phenomenon encompassing economic, political, social, technological, and cultural dimensions, resulting in a more integrated global system. In the context of sustainable development and smart cities, globalization plays a crucial role in shaping urban planning, resource management, technological adoption, and environmental sustainability. Globalization has accelerated the flow of ideas, capital, and innovations that can support smart urban solutions while also posing challenges in terms of social equity and environmental impacts. The enhanced pace of globalization can be attributed to several factors. Advances in communication and information technology, particularly the internet and mobile connectivity, have drastically reduced barriers to the flow of knowledge and services. Innovations in transportation, such as faster and more efficient air, sea, and rail networks, have made the movement of goods and people more seamless. Economic liberalization policies, including ___ ____ ________ _____ ______ ________.
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