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Globalization refers to the process through which countries, economies, societies, and cultures become interconnected and interdependent on a global scale. It involves the flow of goods, services, capital, technology, information, and people across international borders, leading to an increased integration of markets, communication systems, and cultural exchanges. The phenomenon is driven by economic, technological, political, and social factors, and it has transformed the way nations interact and how individuals perceive the world. In the context of sustainable development and smart cities, globalization plays a significant role in shaping urban planning, resource management, and technological adoption to create more resilient and environmentally conscious urban environments. One of the primary reasons for the enhanced pace of globalization is technological advancement. The development of the internet, digital communication platforms, and transportation innovations has drastically reduced the barriers of distance and time, making international trade and communication faster and more efficient. For instance, smart cities leverage information and communication technology (ICT) to optimize energy consumption, traffic management, waste disposal, and public services, demonstrating the direct impact of technological globalization on urban development. High-speed internet, cloud computing, and Internet of Things (IoT) devices enable cities to collect and analyze data in real time, facilitating informed decision-making that aligns with sustainable development goals. Economic liberalization and trade policies have also accelerated globalization. Countries increasingly adopt open market policies, reduce tariffs, and engage in bilateral and multilateral trade agreements to attract foreign investment and stimulate economic growth. This integration into the global economy allows smart cities to access advanced infrastructure, funding for sustainable projects, and innovative solutions from global partners. Multinational corporations and _____ ______ _______ ________ ____ __________.
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