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Globalization refers to the process of growing interconnection and interdependence among the world’s countries, economies, societies, and cultures. It is the outcome of technological progress, liberalized trade, capital flows, and faster communication systems that have broken down barriers across national boundaries. In simple terms, it is the way people, goods, services, information, and ideas move across borders more freely than before. Globalization is not only an economic phenomenon but also social, political, cultural, and environmental. In the context of sustainable development and smart cities, globalization plays a significant role in shaping strategies, policies, and models of growth by allowing ideas and technologies to flow from one country to another. The pace of globalization has accelerated in recent decades because of multiple reasons. One major factor is technological advancement. Innovations in information and communication technologies, such as the internet, smartphones, artificial intelligence, and big data, have reduced time and distance. These tools enable faster decision-making and real-time interaction among individuals, businesses, and governments worldwide. For smart cities, these technologies provide opportunities for adopting sustainable solutions in transportation, energy, and waste management. Another reason for the enhanced pace is liberalization of trade and investment policies. Countries have opened up their markets through free trade agreements, reduction of tariffs, and ease of foreign direct investment. This has created greater economic interdependence, leading to global supply chains that link producers and consumers across continents. For sustainable development, this integration encourages the spread _________ ________ ______ _____ ___ ________.
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