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Food security is a fundamental concept that lies at the heart of sustainable development and plays an increasingly important role in shaping the agenda for smart cities. It refers to the condition in which all individuals, at all times, have physical, social, and economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life. The idea of food security emerged in the second half of the twentieth century as a response to famines, agricultural crises, and rising inequalities in food distribution. Over time, it has evolved into a multidimensional concept that involves not only food production but also distribution, accessibility, affordability, utilization, and sustainability. In the context of smart cities, food security extends beyond rural agricultural concerns and addresses the urban challenges of population growth, climate change, technological shifts, and sustainable resource management. Food security has four widely recognized dimensions, and some frameworks even expand them into additional components depending on the context. The first major dimension is food availability. This refers to the supply side of food security and deals with ensuring that adequate quantities of food are consistently produced, imported, or stocked to meet the needs of the population. Availability is influenced by factors such as agricultural productivity, technological innovation in farming, sustainable use of natural resources, and global trade systems. In the modern context of smart cities, vertical farming, hydroponics, urban agriculture, and improved supply chain management are emerging solutions to increase availability within limited urban spaces. Food availability also emphasizes resilience against shocks like droughts, floods, pandemics, or wars that can disrupt production and supply. The second key dimension is food access. Even when food is available, people may not be able to access it due to economic or social barriers. Food access involves both physical access, meaning the ability of individuals to reach markets or sources of food, and economic access, ______ _____ _______ _____ ___ ______ ____ ______ ___ __________ _______ _______.
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