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Flue gas is the gaseous byproduct that is emitted from the combustion of fuels in various industrial processes, power plants, incinerators, and other combustion units. It primarily consists of nitrogen, carbon dioxide, water vapor, oxygen, and a mixture of pollutants such as sulfur oxides (SOx), nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate matter, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), heavy metals, and sometimes trace amounts of unburned hydrocarbons. The composition of flue gas largely depends on the type of fuel being burned, combustion conditions, and the presence of pollutants in the fuel itself. For example, burning coal can produce significant amounts of sulfur dioxide and particulate matter, whereas natural gas combustion generates primarily nitrogen oxides and carbon dioxide with minimal particulate content. Flue gas poses environmental and health hazards if released untreated into the atmosphere, contributing to air pollution, acid rain, smog formation, respiratory problems, and global warming. Therefore, the treatment and cleaning of flue gas are essential components of solid waste processing, energy production, and environmental management. Flue gas cleaning, also known as flue gas treatment or flue gas scrubbing, is the process of removing harmful pollutants from the exhaust gases before they are released into the atmosphere. The objective is to reduce emissions of particulate matter, acid gases, heavy metals, and other hazardous substances, thereby minimizing environmental ______ ___ ________ _______ __________ ____ ____ ______ ______ _________ ____.
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