What is compulsory licensing ? Under what circumstances compulsory license can be issued ? Discuss.

Compulsory licensing is a mechanism within copyright and related rights law that allows for the use of copyrighted materials or related rights-protected content without the explicit permission of the rights holder. It is a legal instrument that strikes a balance between the rights of creators and the public interest. Compulsory licensing provisions are primarily designed to ensure that certain essential goods and services, such as medicines, education materials, or access to cultural works, remain accessible to the public when the copyright owner is unwilling or unable to grant licenses on reasonable terms.

The issuance of a compulsory license is subject to specific conditions and is typically based on the principle that intellectual property rights, while important, should not unduly hinder the broader public interest. The exact circumstances under ______ _________ ________ ____ __________.
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