What is civilization? Discuss various characteristic features of civilization with reference to Harappan culture

Civilization is a complex and multifaceted concept that encompasses various aspects of human society, including cultural, political, social, and economic dimensions. Archaeological anthropology plays a crucial role in understanding civilization through the study of material remains, artifacts, and cultural practices of past societies. The term "civilization" generally refers to a stage of human social development characterized by the presence of cities, social stratification, centralized governance, and a high level of cultural and technological advancement. 

When discussing civilization, especially in the context of the Harappan culture (also known as the Indus Valley Civilization), several defining characteristics emerge. The Harappan culture, which thrived around 2600 to 1900 BCE in the northwestern regions of the Indian subcontinent, provides a rich case study to illustrate the key features of civilization.

One of the most prominent characteristics of civilization is urbanization. The Harappan culture is notable for its well-planned cities, such as Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, which exhibit sophisticated urban planning and infrastructure. These cities were characterized by grid-patterned streets, advanced drainage systems, and well-constructed buildings made of standardized fired bricks. This urban layout reflects a high level of social organization and the ability to mobilize labor for construction, _____ ___ _______ ______ ______ ___ _______ _________ _______.
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