What is Application Layer? Explain the protocols included in the Application Layer

The Application Layer is the topmost layer in the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model of computer networking, responsible for providing a user interface and facilitating communication between software applications and lower layers of the network stack. This layer directly interacts with the end-user and the applications they use, providing services such as file transfer, email, web browsing, and remote login. The Application Layer is critical because it enables applications to communicate across the network without needing to worry about the underlying network infrastructure. 

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