What is an exception? Explain various causes of exceptions. How exceptions are handled in java? Explain how user defined exceptions are created in Java.

### Understanding Exceptions in Java

What is an Exception?

An exception in Java is an event that disrupts the normal flow of a program's execution. It is an object that represents an error or other unusual condition that occurs during runtime. When an exception occurs, Java's runtime system creates an exception object and throws it. If not handled, this object propagates through the call stack until it is caught or leads to the termination of the program.

Causes of Exceptions

Exceptions can be caused by various issues, including:

1. Arithmetic Errors: For example, dividing by zero will cause an `ArithmeticException`.
2. Input/Output Errors: Issues with file handling or network operations can result in `IOException`.
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