What is an exception? Explain various causes of exceptions. Explain exceptions hierarchy in java

In programming, an exception is an event that occurs during the execution of a program that disrupts the normal flow of instructions. When an exception is thrown, it can be caught and handled by an exception handler, allowing the program to continue running instead of crashing.

Exceptions are typically used to handle exceptional or unusual situations, such as an attempt to divide by zero, a file that cannot be found, or an inability to connect to a network. These are often referred to as "exceptional conditions."

There are several ways to throw an exception in different programming languages. In most languages, you can use a built-in construct, such as throw in C++ or raise in Python, to raise an exception. Additionally, many languages have a set of built-in exception classes that can be used to signal specific types of exceptions. For example, in Python, the ZeroDivisionError exception is raised when a number is divided by zero, and the FileNotFoundError exception is raised when a file cannot be found.

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