What is amylase and amylopectin? Enlist different properties of starch and its application in food industry.

An amylase is an enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of starch (Latin amylum) into sugars. Amylase is present in the saliva of humans and some other mammals, where it begins the chemical process of digestion. Foods that contain large amounts of starch but little sugar, such as rice and potatoes, may acquire a slightly sweet taste as they are chewed because amylase degrades some of their starch into sugar. The pancreas and salivary gland make amylase (alpha amylase) to hydrolyse dietary starch into disaccharides and trisaccharides which are converted by other enzymes to glucose to supply the body with energy. Plants and some bacteria also produce amylase. Specific amylase proteins are designated by different Greek letters. All amylases are glycoside hydrolases and act on α-1,4-glycosidic bonds.

Amylopectin  is a water-insoluble polysaccharide and highly branched polymer of α-glucose units found in plants. It is one of the two components of starch, the other being amylose.Plants store starch within specialized organelles called amyloplasts. To generate energy, the plant hydrolyzes the starch, releasing the glucose subunits. Humans and other animals that eat plant foods also use amylase, an enzyme that assists in breaking down amylopectin, to initiate the hydrolyzation of starch.Starch is made of about 70–80% amylopectin by weight, though it varies depending on the source. For example, it ranges from lower percent content in long-grain rice, amylomaize, and russet potatoes to 100% in glutinous rice, waxy potato starch, and waxy corn. Amylopectin is highly branched, being formed of 2,000 to 200,000 glucose units. Its inner chains are formed of 20–24 glucose subunits.Dissolved amylopectin starch has a lower tendency of retrogradation (a partial recrystallization after cooking—a part of the staling process) during storage and cooling. For this main reason, the waxy starches are used in different applications mainly as a thickening agent or stabilizer.

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Starch is a complex carbohydrate that provides a ready source of energy. It is easily broken down by alpha amylase enzymes and absorbed into the blood stream. Starch is commonly used as a thickener in foods. Common sources include corn, potato, tapioca, and wheat. In this article, I outline a few properties of starch that you might find interesting.

Starch Is Made Up of Glucose But Is Tasteless

Glucose, glucose, everywhere, but not a taste! This is because the glucose is no longer free but is bounded closely together in a large complex consisting of hundreds of glucose molecules. Therefore, the shape and size of starch is very different from glucose molecules. Glucose can bind to taste buds and send signals to the brain that we are eating something sweet. Starch cannot trigger this signal.    

Starch Can Be Easily Be Digested

Starch is a complex carbohydrate similar to cellulose. However, it can be easily digested while cellulose cannot. That’s because although both are made up of glucose, the way the glucose is joined is different. In starch, glucose is connected by alpha 1, 4 and alpha 1, 6 glycosidic bonds. These bonds are recognized by enzymes in the human body and therefore can be easily cleaved to yield energy. Cellulose is made up of beta 1, 4 bonds which our enzymes cannot recognize.  

Starch Can Behave Like Fiber

While starch is generally highly digestible, a small percentage may resist digestion. This type of starch is referred to as resistant starch. There are different forms. The ______ _____ _______ __________ ________ _____ _______ ______ __________ __________ ____ ___.
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